MM vs MC Phono Stages Explained
MM and MC phono stages are specialised preamplifiers designed to amplify and equalise the signal from moving-magnet (MM) and moving-coil (MC) cartridges, each requiring different gain levels, impedance loading and noise performance. These functions are performed by a phono preamplifier, explained in detail in our guide to what a phono preamplifier is, before the signal is passed on to a line-level input or integrated amplifier.
What Makes MM and MC Cartridges Different?
The primary distinction lies in how they generate voltage:
- MM (Moving-Magnet): magnet moves, coils are fixed → higher output, easier to drive
- MC (Moving-Coil): coils move, magnet is fixed → lower output, higher precision
These electrical differences fundamentally change the demands placed on the phono stage.
MM Phono Stages: Characteristics and Benefits
Output Level and Gain
MM cartridges typically output between 4–6 mV, meaning the phono stage requires moderate gain—usually around 35–45 dB.
The different gain and loading requirements of MM and MC cartridges stem from their fundamentally different electrical behaviour, which is explained in detail in our guide to gain, impedance and loading and how these parameters affect noise, dynamics and tonal balance.
Impedance and Loading
MM phono stages almost always use a standard input load of:
- 47 kΩ input impedance
- Typically 100–200 pF capacitance
This predictable loading makes MM cartridges easy to match and highly flexible.
Noise Performance
Because MM cartridges produce a stronger voltage, MM phono stages are less susceptible to noise and hum compared with MC stages.
Who They Are Best For
- Entry-level to mid-range turntable setups
- Users wanting warm, forgiving sound
- Cartridge-swappers (stylus replaceability)
Common Synonyms
Moving-magnet stage, high-output phono preamp, MM input.
MC Phono Stages: Characteristics and Benefits
Output Level and Gain
MC cartridges output extremely small voltages—typically 0.2–0.8 mV. Because of this, MC stages require significantly higher gain, usually 55–70 dB.
Impedance Loading
MC phono stages offer adjustable loading to optimise cartridge performance. Typical values range from:
- 10 Ω for very low-impedance designs
- 50–200 Ω for most MC cartridges
- 500–1 kΩ for high-impedance MC models
Correct loading dramatically affects resolution, energy and tonal balance.
Noise Considerations
Because gain levels are much higher, MC stages require extremely quiet circuitry to avoid hiss or hum. High-grade components, shielding and premium power supplies are essential.
Who They Are Best For
- High-end analogue systems
- Listeners seeking maximum detail, speed and transparency
- Low-output or premium moving-coil cartridges
Common Synonyms
Moving-coil stage, low-output phono preamp, MC input.
Combined or Switchable MM/MC Phono Stages
Many modern phono preamps offer both MM and MC functionality, allowing users to upgrade cartridges without replacing the phono stage.
Key Features of Hybrid Stages
- Switchable gain levels
- Selectable impedance values
- Configurable capacitance for MM optimisation
- Flexible system matching
These versatile units are ideal for vinyl enthusiasts who expect to experiment with cartridges.
How MM and MC Phono Stages Affect Sound
MM Characteristics
- Warmer tonal balance
- Slightly softer transients
- More forgiving of imperfect pressings
- Reduced risk of noise or hum
MC Characteristics
- Greater resolution and micro-detail
- More dynamic, punchy presentation
- Superior speed and transient accuracy
- Wider soundstage and improved imaging
Ultimately, the sonic difference reflects the underlying cartridge technology and the precision of the phono stage’s amplification and equalisation.
Matching Your Cartridge to the Right Phono Stage
The rule is simple:
- MM cartridge → MM phono stage
- MC cartridge → MC phono stage or switchable hybrid
Using the wrong phono stage leads to incorrect gain, tonal imbalance or excessive noise.
Signs You Are Using the Wrong Type of Phono Stage
- Output is too quiet (MC cartridge into an MM stage)
- Sound is bright or thin (wrong impedance loading)
- Excessive hiss or hum at normal listening volume
- Distortion during peaks or bass-heavy passages
Matching cartridge and phono stage correctly restores clarity, energy and proper frequency response.
If you’re building a system around analogue sources, explore our full range of Phono Preamps, designed to match a wide variety of cartridges, turntables and amplifier types.
Final Thoughts
MM and MC phono stages serve the same fundamental purpose—amplifying and equalising a cartridge’s delicate signal—but they operate with different gain, impedance and noise requirements. MM stages suit higher-output, user-friendly cartridges, while MC stages are engineered for low-output, high-precision designs that demand more refinement. Choosing the right phono stage ensures your cartridge performs at its full capability, delivering richer texture, deeper dynamics and a more immersive vinyl experience.
